Tuesday, December 28, 2010

 

Six Skeletal Remains from 500 BCE Q haplogroup

In wondering about the origin of our forefathers who carried the Q1b Y haplogroup gene, I have been tracking down any people who lived in the vicinity of where this group is known to have originated. This caught my eye. This is most interesting considering we are only 5% of Ashkenazi Jewish people. Q1b's are rather rare. That means that we are 5% of the 1% of the Jewish population of the whole world.

These 6 skeletal remains from 500 BCE were found in Pengyang, China, a farming and nomadic region. This place is situated in Guyuan, Ningxia, China, its geographical coordinates are 35° 51' 0" North, 106° 39' 0" East and its original name (with diacritics) is Pengyang. The funeral objects found with the skeletons show they were a nomadic people. The dna of the mt dna was of C, D4 and m1o, and Ydna of four of them was of haplogroup Q. The Q shows that they originated in Siberia. Scientists conclude that northern nomads had reached the Central Plain area of China about 2500 years ago.

These nomads found Central Asia easy for traveling because of wide grasslands that were suitable for horses, camels and just plain walking. Not far away was Russia where the Scythians lived at this time. They were a people who believed in many gods, such as Mithra, god of justice and contracts. However, they were a wild and warlike people who did not try to farm. They were around the Caucasus Mts area and other places.

Dienekes's blog reported thusly: yungsiyebu said...
Halpotypes of Pengyang nomads from upper yellow river match exactly with the present Mongolians, Siberians, Central Asian Turks and the altaic ethnicities of north China, that suggests there's a strong genetic link to ancient north asian groups, also consistent with their anthropological traits of north Mongoloid.

Resource: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20186156Ancient DNA from nomads in 2500-year-old archeological sites of Pengyang, China from Laboratory of Ancient DNA, Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology of Jilin University, Changchun, China

http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/centralasia/religion/index.htm
http://dienekes.blogspot.com/2010/02/ancient-dna-from-pengyang-nomads.html
http://www.bible-history.com/isbe/S/SCYTHIANS/

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Monday, December 27, 2010

 

Q1b Goldfoot Line-The "Smoking Gun" of Khazarian ancestry

Nathan Goldfoot b: 1872 Home in Portland, Oregon. Moved there in 1906.
Charles b: 1906 and Morris Goldfoot b: 1908
at home in SW Portland, Oregon
Nadene Goldfoot

Dr. Behar is a famous geneticist. Reseachers, after discovering the haplogroup Q among Ashkenazi Jews, declared that only 5-8% of the Ashkenazi gene pool is made of Y chromosomes that originated from non-Jewish European populations. Haplogroup Q is a "minor founding lineage" among the Ashkenazim. It is found in 23 out of 442 Ashkenazi results (5%). They were interested to find that out of 50 non-Jewish Hungarian results, Q did not appear at all.

19 out of 23 Q results followed this pattern. DYS 19=13; DYS 388=12; DYS 389i=13; DYS 389ii=16; DYS 390=22; DYS 391=10; DYS 392=15; DYS 393=13; DYS 426=12; DYS 439=16.

The Goldfoot test of Q1b shows our DYS 389ii=29 and 30 instead of 16; and DYS 439=12 and not 16. Yet, after having the Deep Clade Test which comes after having all 67 alleles tested, we are in the category of M378, P36.2 along with many other Q's.

Behar called Q a "minor founding lineage," placing our group amng "those haplogroups likely to be present in the founding Ashkenazi population." The problem is that Q is rarely found in Middle Eastern populations in DNA studies, so most likely did not originate in Israelite ancestry. It's found among all Ashkenazi groups showing that the founders of this group either mixed with a number of separate Ashkenazi populations or entered through western Europe before Ashkenazis migrated in large numbers eastward in the 13th and 14th centuries.

The low haplotype diversity shows that a small number of closely-related founders merged with the Ashkenazim while living in Western Europe (most likely Germany, I think, due to our name of Goldfus/ss-Goldfoot). You can assume that the Ashkenazi population had 25,000 around 1200-1300 CE. This would mean that 1,000-1,500 Q's became part of the population then. Our ancestor was among them.

Q is rare in Europe as well. It occurs in Hungary 2.6% and much higher % in Siberia. It is found in Norway and the Shetland Islands of Scotland where many Norwegian Vikings settled. Q is found among Scandinavians as much as in Ashkenazim, and this is where most Q's are found. Both these groups evidently share a common ancestor from Central Asia or Eastern Europe.

Dienekes writes in 2004 that if Proto-Khazars were similar to today's Altaians, then they would have a frequency of about 22%Q. He thinks that Khazars have mixed into the Ashkenazi Jewish populations likely. The Khazars of Khazaria most likely were somewhat mixed with Western Eurasian elements, decreasing their frequency of having a Q haplogroup. He said that Q is found in high frequencies in only a few regions of the world. He agrees with familytree in that the origins were in Siberia or the Altai where Q continues to be a common Y chromosome haplogroup. Native Americans are Q3 and also originated there. They had left their Altai homeland earlier than the Ashkenazi or Scandinavians. They migrated to the New world between 10,000 to 17,000 years ago, giving them time to develop their own subgroup of Q3.

The Kets and Sekups who live on the eastern part of Western Siberia and the Yenisey River Valley can trace their origin further south on the slopes of the Altai mountains where Scandinavia's Q and K ancestorss originated. It could also be the homeland of Khazarian Q ancestors whose descendants are found today among Ashkenazi Jewish groups.

Research: A Mosaic of People: The Jewish Story and a Reassessment of the DNA Evidence by Ellen Levy-Coffman http://www.jogg.info/11/coffman.htm

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W mtdna of Hattie Goldfoot nee Jermulowske's Line

Beautiful Aunt Elsie Eichman nee Goldfoot, daughter of Hattie.
Nadene Goldfoot
Hattie Jermulowske had lived in Poland, on the border of Lithuania in Suwalki. Testing her daughter's daughter, we find that we carry the W mtdna haplogroup. This is a little section of the 30% of haplogroups of the mtdna of Ashkenazim.

We Ashkenazi Jews of W16145A, 16223T, 16265G, 16519C mtdna are a little branch off of N1b, the people of the Near and Middle East of Asia. So we came about being a mutation of N1b that occurred about 2,000 years after W's branch was started. Western and Southern Asia was the home of this minority clade. The home that has the most W mtdna today turns out to be Northern Pakistan. W started about 25,000 years ago. N1b shows a lack of haplotype diversity, so that they have a common ancestral origin. This means that N1b is of Israelite origin and is supported by the fact that this group appears to be spread throughout eastern and western Ashkenazim at about equal frequencies.

N1b, our mother branch that still exists, makes up 10% of the 70% of Ashkenazi mtDNA results.
Many Jewish groups did not share the same female ancestors. Ashkenazi populations as a whole are genetically more similar to Near Eastern non-Jewish populations than to European non-Jewish populations.

A haplogroup N subclade, N1b - has been identified as one of four Ashkenazi Jewish founder lineages. This is defined by the transition G to A at the nucleotide position 16176 - See:
D. Behar, et al. A NOTABLE "N" A famous member of haplogroup N is Ann Curry, a host on the "Today Show", who is haplogroup N9a. Her haplogroup designation was shared during a November 18, 2005 interview with Dr. Spencer Wells of <>National Geographic's Genographic Project. W made up3.1% of a Jewish population tested in Poland, and it was 2.7% of the population in Russ and the Ukraine.
 
Dad’s Ydna: Q1b This comes from the Altai Mountains of Siberia, Mongolia and parts of Turkey. Somehow it made its way into Germany and then on northward to Lithuania and the Russian Empire.
Mom’s Dad’s Ydna: R1b1b2:

Jews started off as slaves in Egypt well after Abraham broke off from Ur and took his large family to Caanan. Genetics confirm that various Semitic and Mediterranean people came together to form the Israelites of long ago. When we spread out into the Diaspora and traversed far and wide across Europe, we attracted converts and intermarried over time with other Europeans. This is how we came to have our diverse DNA ancestry of the Ashkenazi Jews.

There are differences between the eastern and western Ashkenazi populations. If you look at the French, German, Austrain, Lithuanian, Polish, Romanian and Russian Jewish women, there will be differences. Haplogroups that appear in eastern Ashkenazi, but are rare to absent in western Jewish groups include "W". This argues in favor of a post-Diaspora European origin.

Jews were first in Germany. Eastern communities were founded when Jews migrated from Germany and France after the 12th-13th centuries. It appears that eastward-moving Ashkenazim absorbed a number of separate European maternal founders once they settled in Eastern Europe.

Judaism has been opposed to intermarriage with non-Jews since biblical times. There are biblical prohibitions, bans, warnings, rules and laws. Christian authorities also outlawed intermarriage with Jews. Marriage was outlawed as well as any social contacts and backed this up with severe penalties including death on both partners. Sex found its way, however, as there was mingling. Reality saw converts to Judaism, individually or in groups and Jews to convert to Christianity or just leave the Jewish community when they faced so much oppression in Europe. We received genes from neighboring populations through proselytism, intermarriage, rape and illegitimate children fathered by Gentiles. We were locked up at night in Ghettos in Italy and kept in The Pale of Russia which should have kept the sexes separate, and it did for the most part. This is why scientists study Jewish genetics. We are basically a group that has been kept apart from everyone else.
Half of the sons of Hattie carried the W mtdna in their genes, so that it can be in all of her descendents.

Research: A Reassessment of the Jewish DNA Evidence, 19 page printout from http://www.jogg.info/11/coffman.htm
http://www.thecid.com/w/natlgeo.htm
http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v15/n4/fig_tab/5201764t1.html#figure-title

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Sunday, December 26, 2010

 

Goldfoots of Haplogroup Q1b and Altai Mt


One of the other members who found his haplogroup to be Q1b has found evidence of some Q1b's to be living in the heart of Altai's area, west of Altai Krai. Familytreedna had said that Q1b's originated in the Altai Mt. area which covered Siberia, Mongolia and parts of Turkey.

I'm wondering if these people just found have been there forever or if they migrated there for some reason. Being they are Mennonites is a big surprise to me. I read that Mennonites have Swiss and German roots as well as Dutch. They now number about 1 million and started about 1550 AD. They're found in North and South America, Africa, Europe and Asia. Their main thrust is pacifism, so they don't join any armies.

Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mennonite_settlements_of_Altai ,
http://history.mennonite.net/

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Thursday, December 23, 2010

 

Jermulowske mtdna W


Nathan Goldfoot, most likely from somewhere in Lithuania, born 1874, married Hattie Jermulowske in Council Idaho in 1905. In dna terminology, Nathan is of Q1b haplogroup and Hattie is a W haplogroup. Both haplogroups are found in the Lithuania/Poland area in Ashkenazi Jews.




Information on the W is as follows, a comment from Debra Katz : But for now, in a nutshell, there is definitely an Ashkenazi Jewish branch...likely all descending from a 17th or early 18th century Baltic lass who hooked up with a Jewish dude in the Latvia/Lithuania region.




W's seem to be a Johnnie come lately branch on the human tree. It wasn't even found when mtdna was first known about and a book was written about the daughters of Eve. There are Jewish and non-Jewish lines found. Marrying a Jewish man can't alter the mtdna of the female, but this would be the start of an all Jewish branch. Mtdna just doesn't change hardly at all since its inception thousands of years ago.

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Wednesday, December 22, 2010

 

GOLDOVT FAMILY -Derivative of Goldfoot?

Surnames: Goldfoot, Goldovt posted online on Dec 2, 2009. Here I am thinking I haven't worked on this surname ever, and I did last year. I never did get an answer.

Have you seen this information? My brother just found it. I'm trying to find my grandfather, Nathan Goldfoot I think from Lithuania born in either 1872 or 1874. My father was Maurice and my brother is David Goldfoot. I just found a Nokhim Goldovt b: 1874 in Merkine, Trakai, Vilnius and wondered about it. Could Goldovt be translated as Goldfoot? Then my brother found this:NATHAN and MAURICE GOLDOFT. Of the El Paso,Texaswholesale liquor firm of Goldoft Brothers, NathanGoldoft has had a prosperous business career. He wasborn in Russia. January 12, 1871, son of Isaac andEthel Goldoft, both of whom were natives of Russia.The father came to America in the early sixties andlocated in Chicago,ILLINOIS where he went into the dry goodsbusiness, built up a good trade and subsequently establisheda similar business in Minneapolis.He was in Chicago during the great fire of October,1871, and after that destructive event in which he lostall his property, he returned to Russia. Some years laterhe came back to America, and after, following merchandisingin Chicago and Minneapolis, moved out toDenver, Colorado, and subsequently to El Paso Texas wherehe died in, 1908 at the age of sixty-four. The motherwas educated and was married in Russia and died therein December, 1879, at the age of thirty-five years.Nathan Goldoft, the oldest child, came to Americawith his father on the second trip and attended thepublic schools of Denver, after which he worked for atime in his father's store, and thus laid the solidexperience in mercantile affairs. In Central City, Colorado,he established himself in business, but after ashort time sold out and with his brother Maurice wentto Santa Fe, New Mexico, where they engaged in thewholesale liquor business. Seven years later they cameto El Paso,Texas and founded a similar enterprise which has since been developed into one of the best known. firms of West Texas in this line. The business was started in a small way and the two brothers did all the work connected with the trade. At the present time they employ twenty-five people in all the branches, and the annual volume of sales makes it one of the largest and most prosperous concerns of El Paso. Mr. Nathan Goldoft was married in El Paso, December 16, 1905, to Miss Mollie Maykin, daughter of John and Elizabeth Maykin, of this city. The two children born to their union are Isaac, born in 1907 and Ethel, born in 1906, the latter being now a school girl. In political affairs, Mr. Goldoft has taken no active part. He is affiliated with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the Loyal Order of Moose and the Business Men's Protective Association of El Paso Texas, and his religion is the Jewish faith. He owns his own home and other real estate in El Paso, and during his career has built up a substantial prosperity. Maurice Goldoft, the junior member of the firm of Goldoft Brothers, was born in Russia, December 12, 1879, and like his brother attended school in Denver, Colorado. They became partners in business at Santa Fe, and have been closely associated and sharing equally in prosperity. Maurice Goldoft married December 18, 1906, at El Paso, Miss Annie Merkin, and the two children born to their union are Byron M., born in El Paso in 1907, and Robert R., born in 1910. The family worship in the Jewish church. Mr. Goldoft is Independent in politics and is affiliated with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the Order of Elks, and the Loyal Order ofMoose. He is a Spanish war veteran, having enlisted as a volunteer in the Territorial Regiment of New Mexico, but was mustered out at San Francisco, without being in active service. He owns his own home in El Paso,Texas and by strict attention to business affairs has gained a substantial place in his home city

 

Town= Merkine; Uyezd= Trakai; Guerniya=Vilnius

Trakai District Alphabetical List of Males

1. Nisel Goldovt 24, son of Benjamin, is head of household on the 26 May 1858 census.
m: Ita 22, daughter of David is his wife.
Kuna is Nisel's mother, no age given, listed that she died in 1852 and was Benjamin's wife.

2. Itsko Goldoft, son of Nokhim, is head of household in 1874.

3. Mordkhel Goldovt, son of Khayim, is head of household in 1874.

a. . Shimel Goldovt, son of Mordkhel, is a son in the household in 1874.
b. Bentsel Goldovt, son of Mordkhel, is a son in the household in 1874

4. Movsha Goldovt, son of Khayim, is head of household in 1874.

5. Itsko Goldovt, son of Nokhim, is head of household in 1874.

a. Nokhim Goldovt, son of Itsko, is the son in 1874.

6. Izrael Goldovt, son of Nokhim, is head of household in 1874.
7. Shaul Goldovt, son of Nokhim, is the brother in 1874.

8. Benyamin Goldovt, son of Khayim, is head of household in 1874.
a. Nisel Goldovt, son of Benyamin, is his son in 1874.
b. David Aron Goldovt, son of Benyamin is his son in 1874.
c. Bentsel Goldovt, son of Benyamin, is his son in 1874.

9. Khatskel Goldovt, son of Khaym, is head of household in 1874.
a. Khaym Goldovt, son of Khatskel, is his son in 1874.
A. David Goldovt, son of Khaym, is a grandson in 1874.
B. Israel Goldovt, son of Khaym, is a grandson in 1874.

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Lithuania Records on Goldfoot, Merkine

I keyed in Goldfoot on the Lithuania records found in abundance on the Jewishgen website, knowing full well that this is the anglicized form of Goldfus/fuss. However, it just may be that Lithuania has its own way of spelling names.

Goldoft

In 1872 Nisan Goldoft of Merkine, Lithuania died.

Tsipi Goldovt died on June 23, 1892 in Kaunas. Her father was Bentseler who lived in Merkine. She was only 4 months old and died from a catarrh of the intestines.


On September 24, 1932, Evi Hirsetes Goldavtas/Goldavt was born. The father was Chezkeles born in the town of Semeliskes and the mother was Estera born in the town of Troke. The mother's maiden name was Groznikaite/Grozik. This is a 1932 record from Vilnius, Lithuania.


Chaim Goldovt was listed in Merkine Trakai, Kaunas in 1903. (My ggrandfather was Chaim Goldfoot).



There were marriages.

Bentsel Galdovt, son of Mardkhel and Merich (Merkine) 24 married Etela Oppengeim 18. in 1888 in Kaunas, Lithuania.


Benjaminas/Benyamin Goldovt/Goldovtas age 30, son of Meer/Mejenis Freide Balmanaiate (Balman) and Ruda Vishakio, a husband and merchant who was born in Merkine, married in Kaunas in 1930 to:

Jokhana Vinikaite 26, daughter of Shimshoras/Shimshon, daughter of Khana Rokka Zivaite/Ziv Betygala , a housekeeper.

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Y Chomosome Phylogenetic Tree for Goldfoot's Deep Clade Test


Our Deep Clade Test results are in.

Our Ashkenazi Goldfoot branch is a part of the tree of humans. We were Q haplogroup. Now we
are Q1b.

Our main branch on this tree from which we spring is called M242.
That branch has grown a twig on it. It's called P36.2.
P36.2 has now grown a twig off of it and it's called M378.

So the reading from familytreedna looks like this: M378 + P36.2+

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DNA Testing with 23 and Me


I sent in my sample to 23 and me for complete testing of my genome. The notification just came in that I can expect the results on about Washington's Birthday, February 22nd. It takes time and they have received lots of samples.

This is a completely different sort of test-covering both the Ydna and the mtdna. It will also give me a report as to my physical condition and what is possible to occur. It's pretty exciting. I've just begun to understand the usual test, and this will be different, so I hope I'll be able to learn something. I've been told that I'll love the results.

This test should tell me who I am related to and what the distance might be. Of course it depends on the results of people who have taken the test, so the results are from a limited population of others interested in dna.

I've not been the person taking a test till now. My brother and male and female cousin have been the testees. This test was not like theirs where the inside of the cheek was rubbed to get a sample. I had to spit into a test tube. I was so excited that I forgot to put the tube into a plastic bag before putting it into the mailer. I about died of shock when I found the bag on the table after I had hurridly gone to the post office to mail it all off. Well, I just couldn't contain myself, following the directions, waiting the 30 minutes after eating and all. At my age, it's a wonder I knew what I was doing. I emailed the company and told them of my neglect. It was a safety precaution for them to have the sample in the bag first. I hope others will be more aware. You might try having a friend with you as you follow the test directions to remind you of what to do.

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Sunday, December 12, 2010

 

Goldfoot South African Reunion in Capetown


2/18/07 Denise Bremridge nee Goldfoot had a family reunion in South Africa and reported information:

Avroham Goldfoot somewhere in Lithuania between JANOVA and VILKIYA on the River Nieman in the region of KOVNO. VILNA is further from this area but also on the same River.

Abraham married Anna and had 6 children; one being Zalman b: 1848 who had the twin girls and 3 others. My grandfather HYMAN was a brother to ZALMAN. Her grandfather moved to ELIZABETGRAD in the Ukraine where he met and married her grandmother BLUME. Her (our) GOLDFOOT/GOLDFUS/GOLDFUSS family must have lived in German territory before moving to Lithuania and Elizabetgrad and finally into the WEST. We need to keep in touch with jewishgen.org. Supposedly Goldfoot is related to Gaon of Vilna of Lithuania, see below,

name is:Elijah ben SolomonElijah ben Solomon, 1720–97, Jewish scholar, called the Gaon of Vilna, b. Lithuania. A leading Jewish scholar of his time, he opposed the spread of Hasidism in Lithuania and Poland because he feared that the creation of these new groups would weaken the Jewish community. His many influential works include commentaries on the Hebrew Bible, the Mishna and Talmud, Midrash, and the kabbalah. He upheld the primacy of Torah study and the halakah, which he held as being of supreme importance for Jewish life.

The following is about Stanley Goldfoot who connects with us in about the 15th century.One such hero in our generation is Stanley Goldfoot. During his lifetime, >Stanley witnessed the rise of tyrants such as Hitler and Ahmadinijad, who are bent on destroying the Jewish people.  
http://www.ourjerusalem.com/opinion/story/a-jewish-hero-in-our-time.html

- Sidney L. Markowitz, in What You Should Know About Jewish Religion, History, Ethics and Culture (New York, NY: Citadel Press, 1955). HERE IS THE RUSSIAN TRANSLATION OF GOLD FOOT!"ZOLOTAYA NOGA". from Denise Goldfoot Bremridge.

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Saturday, December 11, 2010

 

Goldfuss in Dachau

I found two male Goldfuss men in Dachau Concentration Camp Records.

Joseph Goldfuss, born February 5, 1925 in Leukowa, Lithuania was in the camp. He was listed there because of school Lit. J before Mukldorf. Leukowa, Lithuania is the town that Mike Pobantz reported that all his Goldfoots came from originally. Mike's Goldfoot line is that of the South African group that Stanley Goldfoot belongs to.

Laib Goldfuss was also there with him. He was born May 29, 1917 in Leukowa, Lithuania and had the same sort of record written about him as Joseph had. They could have been brothers or cousins.

Considering that they could have been put in prison in 1941, Joseph could have been 16 years old at the time and Laib 24 years old. I believe that they would have been killed.

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Deep Clade dna Test Ordered: & 23 & Me

I've ordered another dna test for our Goldfoot line. This time it's the Deep Clade Test. I should have the results by January 5th, they say. This will probably tell me what I already know; that we are Q1b but I think there will be a little more to it. I already know that Ian Goldfoot is the closest person found so far, and of course he is. He's a true Goldfoot. At 8 generations, or 200 years ago, we had a 67.49% chance of belonging to the same family. That would have been in 1810. My grandfather Nathan was born in 1872 and his father, Chaim Itzhak, could have been born about 1850. So this means that it could have been in the very next generation that we were connected. At the least, we have a 99.98% of being in the same family in the 28th generation.

Ian also had an ancestor Chaim Goldfus born 1865 and his father was Avroham. We also had an Abraham. He was the 3rd child born to my grandfather Nathan. Unfortunately, he died as an infant while sleeping with his parents in a feather bed in Portland. Jewish people at that period always named their children after someone deceased, so it could be that Ian's Avrohom is also ours, too.

On the 9th of this month I sent for the test from 23 & Me. I received notice the next day that it's on it's way. It will test me for both sides of the family and I'll be able to see through dna who I am connected to. This is exciting. It will cover my whole genome. My genetic profile will be ready after they receive it in 6-8 weeks. My biggest worry is: will I be able to understand the results? It will also tell me about my physical condition, I believe.

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Telsiai, Lithuania, Home of Goldfus/Goldfoots

10/22/08 From Preserving our Litvak Heritage by Josef Rosin by JewishGen.Inc.

Nathan Goldfoot's family is thought to come from Telsiai or Telz in Yiddish, as many of Stanley Goldfoot's family reported to come from this city. It is one of the oldest towns in Lithuania and is in the NW part of Lithuania, the Zemaitija region on the shores of Lake Mastis and is even mentioned in Crusader chronicles in 1320. In the 2nd half of the 15th century a royal estate was established there. The Swedes invaded in 1710. 2/3 of the population died from epidemics at that time. Until 1795 Telz was a part of the Polish-Lithuanian Kingdom. Telz fell under Russian rule from 1802 as part of the Vilna Province (Gubernia) and from 1843 as part of the Kovno Province. In 1812 Napoleon's army passed through and left their big gun which is now in the town park. The town was damaged in Polish rebellions of 1831 and 1863. A fire caused a lot of damage in 1907 that lasted 2 days. Old wooden houses were replaced with brick.

Jews settled here at the beginning of the 17th century. In 1797, 2,500 people lived here of which 1,650 were Jews (66%). 1831 Polish rebellion saw Telz Jews suffer from rebels and Cossacks. Famine hit the land from 1869-1872, and my grandfather was born in 1872. Pograms against Jews in 1880's in Ukraine and other places had damaged the self confidence of Telz Jews. They were being conscripted into the army for 6 years. This is when many young Jewish men left Telz and immigrated to America, Argentina and South Africa. This immigration went on till WWI. during 1893 there was a cholera epidemic and took many poor Jews who lived in overcrowded conditions that had bad hygienic conditions.

In 1841 there were 25 Jewish artisans, 14 tailors, 10 shoemakers and one watchmaker and a lot of wandering artisans.
12/24/08 "I'm so happy for you that this is most likely the arrival of your grandfather. I feel that Nathan could have been a brother to my grandfather who was Haim (Chaim) Goldfoot as as all their dates seem to coincide. Or perhaps they were at least cousins all descending from Abraham Goldfoot(Goldfus) of Lithuania. The fact that they all went to Ireland in the 1890s seems to indicate that they all had an early family connection there. My grandfather settled in Dublin and yours left for Canada/USA. My grandfather died in Cape Town in his early 90s in 1952 or 54, whilst your grandfather died 20 years earlier at age 70. They must be all connected so therefore we must be connected too.

1/25/09 Avotaynu: In the 2nd half of the 19th century, the territory of Lithuania belonged to the Russian Empirre. Directly on the border were Kovno (Kaunas) and Suwalki guberniyas (provinces), the westernmost portion of the Pale of Settlement. No major work yet has been done on the Jews of Kovno and Suwalki guberniyas. At the end of the 19th century, Jews comprised 13% of Kovno guberniya. Of that, 43.4% lived in the cities of Kovno (Kaunas), Panevezys, Siauliai, and Ukmerge (Vilkomir); 54% had settled in Shtetles (villages); barely 3% lived in the country-side.

Over the centuries, a few well-connected Jewish merchants got permits, often temporary, to live within the boundaries of Russia. According to the Goldfoot genealogy from Stanley Goldfoot, his family was allowed to do that. They were corn merchants. Even within the Pale, Russian authorities frequently expelled whole communities of Jews and made them settle in desolate rural areas where they had no hope of making a living, hoping that these measures would get them to leave the country.

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